Wednesday, 16 July 2014
 | |
| Indian Department of Education | |
|---|---|
| Ministry of Human Resource Development | Smriti Zubin Irani |
| National education budget (2005–2012) | |
| Budget |  991 billion(US$17 billion) |
| General details | |
| Primary languages | Hindi, English, or State language |
| System type | federal, state, private |
| Established Compulsory Education | 1 April 2010 |
| Literacy (2011[2]) | |
| Total | 74%[1] |
| Male | 82.2% |
| Female | 65.5% |
| Enrollment | |
| Total | (N/A) |
| Primary | (N/A) |
| Secondary | (N/A) |
| Post secondary | (N/A) |
| Attainment | |
| Secondary diploma | 40% |
| Post-secondary diploma | 7% |
Education in India is provided by the public sector as well as the private sector, with control and funding coming from three levels: central, state, and local.Takshasila was the earliest recorded centre of higher learning in India from at least 5th century BCE and it is debatable whether it could be regarded a university or not. The Nalanda University was the oldest university-system of education in the world in the modern sense of university.[3] Western education became ingrained into Indian society with the establishment of the British Raj.
Education in India falls under the control of both the Union Government and theState Governments, with some responsibilities lying with the Union and the states having autonomy for others. The various articles of the Indian Constitutionprovide for education as a fundamental right. Most of the universities in India are controlled by the Union or the State Governments.
India has made progress in terms of increasing the primary education attendance rate and expanding literacy to approximately three-quarters of the population in the 7-100 age group, by 2011.[4] India's improved education system is often cited as one of the main contributors to the economic rise of India.[5] Much of the progress, especially in higher education and scientific research, has been credited to various public institutions. At primary through high school level, as well as certain higher level technical schools, India has a combination of government run public and private schools system. About 60% of the students go to public schools and 40% to private; the private education market in India had a revenue of US$ 450 million in 2008, but is projected to be a US$40 billion market.[6]
As per the Annual Status of Education Report (ASER) 2012, 96.5% of all rural children between the ages of 6-14 were enrolled in school. This is the fourth annual survey to report enrollment above 96%. Another report from 2013 stated that there were 229 million students enrolled in different accredited urban and rural schools of India, from Class I to XII, representing an increase of 2.3 million students over 2002 total enrollment, and a 19% increase in girl's enrollment.[7]While quantitatively India is inching closer to universal education, the quality of its education has been questioned particularly in its government run school system. Some of the reasons for the poor quality include absence of around 25 percent of teachers everyday.[8] States of India have introduced tests and education assessment system to identify and improve such schools.[9]
In India's education system, a significant number of seats are reserved under affirmative action policies for the historically disadvantaged Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes and Other Backward Classes. In universities/colleges/institutions affiliated to the federal government there is a minimum 50% of reservations applicable to these disadvantaged groups, at the state level it can vary. Andhra Pradesh had 83.33% reservation in 2012, which is the highest percentage of reservations in India.
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